1. Introduction
Crime is considered to be understood as being destructive to human and it’s surrounding and a lot ought to be done to handle this. (Hillier, 2005) defined a sustainable community as safe, perceives itself to be safe and is considered by others to be safe. However, both sustainability and security are two important factors to be considered during the design process. Sometimes these two elements complement each other. In light of these considerations, mitigating crime and fear of crime may improve the quality of human life (Schneider & Kitchen, 2007) which is a basic human need. Safety and security have always been major human needs throughout history.
Sustainable design has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of sustainability presents the urgent need for radical change in man’s thinking and behavior, so much so that it is termed the ’global revolution .. Sustainability is a common and a contemporary goal of many urban development policies in various countries (Chan & Lee, 2008). Sustainable development includes extensive discussions on the various levels and activities, including an international scale, regional, provincial, city, neighborhood and building scale. According to existing researches neighborhoods are the main places where people feel the lack of safety and insecurity in these areas (e.g. Abdi, 2012). An urban community place can be thought to be brimming with consumption of energy, waste creating and heat producing activities. This can be caused by high populace focus, industrialization forms, and vehicular activity clog and development operations. As per (Mabogunje, 2011), numerous nations are moving towards having 40 to 50 % of their populace living in urban communities. The high populace thickness in the city makes challenges in the parts of urban housing quality and quantity, financial and infrastructural improvement, environmental quality and in addition energy request.
2. Crime and social problem
Crime has been characterized in the Oxford English Dictionary (1989) as a demonstration deserving of law, as being illegal by statute or damaging to general society welfare; a malevolent or harmful act; an offense, a transgression, particularly of a grave character (Abdi, 2012) Therefore, it is essential to consider elective choices to take care of the current issues. There is most likely that crime is impacted by an assortment of elements, for example, monetary, social, and administrative and also physical components. In the interim, the commitment of the manufactured condition towards the diminishment of crime has gotten impressive consideration over the most recent four decades. The omnipresent issues of crime and the dread of crime keep on representing endemic issues for post-modern urban social orders. In the UK, for instance, crime has expanded all things considered by 5.1% every year since 1918 (Home Office, 1999). Despite a noteworthy descending pattern in the UK, since 1995 (Home Office, 2010), and the variety of unpleasant designs in the UK, the USA and Australia, the issue of crime remains a noteworthy worry for governments, the police, especially the counteractive action of offenses. Researching the urban community stage, where (and when) crime is found, can along these lines contribute much to our current information and comprehension of crime and aid the creation and support of more secure, energetic and more sustainability urban community. Indeed, there is a growing body of research That links urban sustainability with crime (Du Plessis, 1999; Cozens, 2002) It is increasingly recognized that a sustainable community is one that is both safe and perceived by its residents to be safe from crime. Upgrading an urban community infested with crime using sustainable design have different reactions in different neighbourhood. Figure 1 illustrates how people in crime infested places react to a new environment, mentally, socially and physically. Firstly from the physical and mental point of view there is a reduction in stress level, control in stress level, secondly from the aspect of metal health and social activity there are loads of issues such as low self-esteem or self-confidence and thirdly is the aspect of the Physical and social activity here there is a feeling of safety and a breath of positive life.
Figure 1: Reaction of upgrading an urban community infested with crime using sustainable design (designed by author).
3. An insight on Sustainable design on reducing crime rate
Sustainable design is awareness for substantial development which has come to stay, all over the world today architects, engineers and developers are generally searching for approaches to mirror their new ideas of building and particularly to design. In today’s world building professionals take diverse examples that incorporate either a superior design, coordinated design, sustainable design or green building. A sustainable venture is designed, assembled, remodeled, worked on or reused in an environmental and asset proficient way (Cozens, 2002). To a vast degree sustainable design has appeared as a response to unravelling the clear negligence for our natural and social environment and one type of sustainable design is building reuse where the exemplified vitality of the first structure is kept in place, sustainable development is an advancement that addresses the issues (such as crime) of the present without trading off the capacity of future generation to address their own issues (Mohit, 2010). It is comprehended that the prerequisite of sustainable design comes in various ways, for example, the worry for the neighborhood, the experience of happenings in the area and the necessities. The thought is to have a neighborhood that is assembled shrewdly and wisely with a specific end goal to utilize a low measure of non-sustainable power source, create little contamination and waste, and has zero crime rate, while then again it enhances and improves the wellbeing, security and welfare of the general population who live and work in a specific neighborhood. Crime has a tendency to dynamically degrade and influences the neighborhood adversely which thus makes major problem that includes lack of open space for social interaction. Sustainable design approach in present-day time has turned into a basic mission in the redesign of the weakened neighborhood, keeping in mind the end goal to distinguish the root cause of criminal activities and find sufficient solutions with the guide of the sustainable design approach.
4. Crime infested neighborhood and its impact on the community
A Crime infested neighborhood is a fabled place that negatively affects its surrounding and its inhabitants which eventually leave little or no space for growth of all sorts. A new kind of built environment with higher prospects should always be considered, which would directly affect the people who live is such environment. The problems with Crime infested neighborhoods includes external and internal factors, the external factors include corruption and unemployment in which corruption portrays the economic instability while unemployment shows the level of people that are productively active by means of the job being provided thereby showing that those that are unemployed end up becoming a boarding to the society. The internal factor is divided four, Firstly over population this show were the population is more than the available infrastructure and amenities thereby putting pressure on the infrastructure, Secondly illiteracy this show the level of education, experience and exposure, therefore people aim for a better life but with a high level of illiteracy there is no aspiration for a better life, thirdly family structure it is 0popularly said that charity begins at home so therefore the structure a family on how it runs and perceived by everybody is as important as having a stable society that aims for the best for themselves and others around, also the ability to have a good family plan in order to avoid a very high fertility rate, and finally we have recreational center ( it is said that all work and no play make jack a dull boy) this helps to provide a balance in the sense that having open packs, playing ground and other social centers creates a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere All this if not properly combated will result to low or lack of safety and security of lives and property which can lead to total brake down of law and order, it also results to low or lack of social life, this is vital to the balance of human life in order to have a happier life.
Figure 2. Slum areas that can breed criminal activities in Brazil.
It is challenging enough to characterize what a Crime infested neighborhood is, but it identifies with an extensive array about the wellbeing and quality of life. Looking at urban renewal, this term is by and large used to depict a living domain involving the physical, social and economic measurement (Nieboer, 2005). In managing a Crime infested neighborhood, we can't abstain from considering nearby group communities. A few European urban regions are encountering neighborhood issues, as brought up by European-based analysts, post-war neighborhoods are physically falling apart. Various urban areas in Europe are encountering rotting forms with resemblances in factors prompting decay. A few neighborhoods are no more appealing living conditions and have lost their intensity on the city level. Structures were arranged in view of the idea of optimistic housing, which means open, well-spaced, well lighted and well-ventilated area while having a wide green area. Be that as it may, the huge accessibility of green is frequently seen by inhabitants as a positive factor.
Figure 3: Slum area transformed into a fully sustainable community place in Brazil.
The effect of neighbourhood attributes on individuals' mental change fluctuates noticeably, depending on individuals’ circumstance and behaviour (Cutrona et al., 2000) A few people with especially strong identities can adapt effectively, even in unsafe and Crime infested neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, other individuals are very susceptible to depression when they live in the unfriendly environment. It might be that living in an impeded and disorderly neighborhood hinders positive thinking and replaces it with misery and negative attitude. Because of the absence of successful administration and misappropriation issues, the general nature of the neighborhood is dynamically diminishing, and a few side effects of this decline include physical disintegration and crime which in the most exceedingly terrible circumstances joins with disruptive conduct vandalism. Since organizations and institutions regularly need appropriate control, inhabitants don't feel safe in their own place and social connection gets affected (Calzolaretti, 2011; Carini et al., 1978). Notwithstanding, managing neighbourhood issues in a coordinated way, in this manner, considering social, physical and economic viewpoints isn't new. Initially, endeavors can be found around two decades back as actualized by governments and key performers to react to the expanding multifaceted nature of urban issues. Just when those activities demonstrated achievement, they swung to be regulated at higher political levels. It appears that in the mid-80s, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands were the primary European nations actualizing incorporated urban strategies.
The physical rot of neighbourhoods is related with social conditions, for example, illness risk, poor mental wellness, and the dread of crime (Cohen, 2000). Actually, the ''Chicago School'' of Sociology firmly accentuated the effect of neighbourhood physical rot on health medical issues (Faris & Dunham, 1939; Park & Burgess, 1925). One examination found that a neighbourhood record measuring the quality of houses, deserted cars, spray painting, crime, and state-funded school decay clarified a greater amount of the difference in gonorrhoea rates than did a destitution list measuring salary, joblessness, and low education (Cohen et al., 2000). Neighborhood qualities impact the likelihood that individuals will shape ties with each other at the point when private turnover is high, individuals are more averse to frame connections. So also, individuals do not tend to shape connections when they live in neighborhoods high in social issue, since they mistrust their neighbors (Hill et al., 2005) Relationship disturbance may have a few distinct outcomes applicable to despondency, including lower levels of casual social control, insufficient social help, and poor family role execution. The term sustainability has turned out to be well known in policy situated research as a statement of what open policy should accomplish. The idea of sustainability was initially instituted in forestry, where it implies that the forest should not be harvested beyond what it yields (Nieboer, 2005) the word Nachhaltigkeit (the German expression for sustainability) was first utilized with this importance in 1713 (Wilderer).
5. Conclusion
It is fine to say that sustainable design plays a major role in drastically reducing crime rate, Looking at the situation at hand crime infested neighborhoods are usually neglected and usually not given much attention because it contributes in defacing and devaluing the community area. Thus more attention should be devoted in reviving a neighborhood that is obsoletely deteriorated and crime infested because if it is improved upon it would add immense value to the neighborhood and environment at large.
In a clear view of thing it has been seen that there has always been an increase in the population of a certain class of people in crime infested area such as those seeking shelter, seeking a hideout and seeking a base for criminal activities. On the other hand it has become a global issue that is constantly deliberated upon in developing countries, shown by the continues effort of the global community to provide a more sustainable environment and way of leaving. It is also known that more people are constantly migrating from rural areas to urban area with nothing in their pocket and eventually settling in an urban crime infested and deteriorated neighborhood because it is probably cheap, free or easy to access.
Acknowledgements
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interests
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Reference
Abdi, F. (2012). Promotion of environmental security and reduction of urban crimes with emphasis on CPTED Approach in DEHKADE FARAHZAD TEHRAN. Master dissertation. Iran University of Science and Technology School of Architecture and Environmental Design https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815048429
Assauer, J.I., Opdam, P. (2008). Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. LandscapeEcol.23,633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9226-7
Calzolaretti, M., (2011) La Rigenerazione Dei Quartieri Di Edilizia Residenziale Pubblica: Il Caso Di Tor Bella Monaca. Ar Bimestrale Dell’ordine Degli Architetti DI ROMA E PROVINCIA. . Ordine degli Architetti di Roma e Provincia. http://www.tafterjournal.it/2011/10/04/inspiring-principles-for-liveable-and-sustainable-residential-neighbourhoods.pdf
Chan and Lee, Chan, E.H.W. & Lee, G.K.L. (2008). A sustainability evaluation of government-led urban renewal projects. Journal of Facilities, 26(13), 526 – 541.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02632770810914280
Cozens, P. (2002) Sustainable urban development and crime prevention through environmental design for the British city; towards an effective urban environmentalism for the 21st century, Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning, 19(2),pp.129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(02)00008-2
Cutrona., (2000). Family Support: Direction from Diversity https://books.google.com.cy/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vH59Vyjpgv4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA103&dq=Cutrona+et+al.,+2000)&ots=Vd92KhEz47&sig=h8EkC2Rqx_WCiMF31ZDID0qTUsg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cohen, ( 2000). Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors Stephen http://www.biochemj.org/content/351/1/95.full-text.pdf
Crowe, T. D. (1991). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann https://books.google.com.cy/books?isbn=0124116337
Du Plessis, C. (1999) The links between crime prevention and sustainable development, Open House International, 24(1), pp. 33–40 www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?
Faris & Dunham, Park & Burgess, (1925). Overall "Sense of Community" in a Suburban Region The Effects of Localism, Privacy, and Urbanization http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916596281002
Harold Hotelling (1931), "The Economics of Exhaustible Resources," Journal of Political Economy 39,no.2137-175. https://doi.org/10.1086/254195
Hillier, B. & Sahbaz, O. (2005) High resolution analysis of crime patterns in urban street networks: An initial statistical sketch from an ongoing study of a London borough, in: A. Van Nes (Ed.), Proceedings of the Space Syntax 5th International Symposium, Delft. Available at http://www.spacesyntax.tudelft.nl/media/Long%20papers%20I/hilliersahbaz.pdf (accessed 25 January 2008).
Home Office (1999) Digest 4: Information on the criminal justice system in England and Wales, in: G. Barclay & C. Tavares (Eds) Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (London: Crown Copyright). https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133730NCJRS.pdf
Home Office (2010) Home Office statistical bulletin. Crime in England and Wales 2009/2010 Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime, ed. J. Flatley, C. Kershaw, K. Smith, R. Chaplin & D. Moon (London: Home Office). https://doi.org/10.1037/e511902010-001
Mohit, M.A. & Hannan, M.H.E. (2010). Crime and Housing in Malaysia: Case Study of Taman Melati Terrace Housing in Kuala Lumpur, Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 1 (3), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i2.177
Mabogunje, (2011).Akinlawon Mabogunje. published in Nigeria by bookbuilders. https://books.google.com.cy/books?id=aMSDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=Mabogunje+(2011)&source=bl&ots=zxKy2nmvoX&sig=RF_CHoyrkKELjHJgt7N4PufPm04&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mabogunje%20(2011)&f=false
Nieboer, A. P. (2005 ), Life-events and Well-being: A Prospective Study on Changes in Well-being of Elderly People due to a Serious Illness Event or Death of the Spouse Thesis Publishers Amsterdam https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/3222909/File0168.PDF
U.S. Green Building council. (2003). Public Buildings Service Office of Building Technologies Center for Architecture, Engineering Federal Energy Management Program and Urban Development Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy https://www.usgbc.org/articles/part-2-green-building-explosion-2003-2009
Schneider, R. & Kitchen, T. (2007) Crime prevention and the built environment (London: Routledge) https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203098813 .
Wilderer PA, Wilderer MC (2005) On the role engineers may play in the attempt to meet basic demands of man and nature In: Wiley, Weinheim, https://doi.org/10.1002/3527604251.ch15
How to Cite this Article:
AFZHOOL, N. (2019). Impact of A Community Place in Regards to Sustainable Design towards Decreasing Social Crime. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 3(1), 104-108. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4687
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0.
"CC-BY-NC-ND"