The Inspiration of Bauhaus Principles on the Modern Housing in Cyprus

Modern architecture developed more than a century ago to find solutions suitable to solve the new concerns of the industrial revolution that changed the social idea of the world in all aspects. Bauhaus school which established by Walter Gropius in 1919 adopted too many principles and ideas that were totally new to the architecture concept and theory at that time; their principles started from Simplicity, Angularity, Abstraction, Consistency, Unity, Organization, Economy, Subtlety, Continuity, Regularity, and Sharpness. Those principles affected the architectural world and found its way through many applications in different parts of the world. The unlimited space or the International space that had a significant influence on the architecture space and form as well as the introduction of the new material, the anti- decorating, and Platonic forms had worked to reconstruct the architecture in the world. Cyprus as an Island close to the sources of the movement got the influence from the modern movement. The study will concentrate on Efruz Housing which designed by Ahmet Vural, who developed the project in the 60th of the last century. The aim of the research is to find the relationship and effects of Bauhaus school in Cyprus through studying and analyzing some of Ahmet vural works. The methodology will depend on a comparison with the traditional housing that preceded Mr. Vural work and how the Modernism changed the main features of the housing on the Island.


Introduction
Modern architecture developed more than a century ago to find solutions suitable to solve the new concerns of the industrial revolution that changed the social idea of the world in all aspects. Architecture experienced crucial shifts in that era; there were new attitudes in Architecture and Urban Planning, and although the movement made breaks with the past and sometimes denied the whole tradition it also allowed the fundamental principles of architecture in new ways. The movement came with too many features and structures that societies were not familiar with, the new architecture carried many concepts from the industrial revolution most of them stood on the notion of the machine, new Technology, and science. Some of the Modernism characteristics and structures becomes so internationally widespread that it works as signs of the movement everywhere in the world. One of the main institutions that established the Modern movement in Europe was the Bauhaus school which established by Walter Gropius in 1919. Bauhaus adopted too many principles and ideas that were totally new to the architecture concept and theory at that time; their principles started from Simplicity, Angularity, Abstraction, Consistency, Unity, Organization, Economy, Subtlety, Continuity, Regularity, and Sharpness.
7KRVH EHFDXVH WKHµ SK\VLFDO SXEOLF VSDFH LV D result of struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, QDWLRQDO VXSUDQDWLRQDO DQG JOREDO VFDOHVµ (Sadri, 2017). Those principles affected the architectural world and found its way through many applications in different parts of the world. So it becomes difficult to think about the modern movement without taking into account those principles and social forces that formalized those principles.
The unlimited space or the international space that had a significant influence on the architecture space and form as well as the introduction of the new material, the anti-decorating, and Platonic forms had worked to reconstruct the architecture in the world. Cyprus as an Island close to the sources of the movement got the influence from the modern movement; the Modern Architecture propagated all over the Island with its neat, clean and functional forms. The paper will study the effect of the Bauhaus modernism principles on changing the housing layout and architecture in the Island and how the modern movement changed the traditional way of building on the Island with a particular concentration on Nicosia.
The study will concentrate on Efruz Housing which designed by Ahmet Vural, who developed the project in the 60th of the last century.
There will be a comparison with the traditional housing that preceded Mr. Vural work and how the Modernism changed the main features of the housing on the Island.

The Historical View
In this section, there will be a brief discussion about the advent of the modern movement in Art and Architecture. Too many factors and worked together to formulate new ideas and expression in different fields of science and architecture. Within this century, the concept that the Greek culture has high values and should emulate in all life possibilities (Ballantyne, 2004). 7KH YHU\ SRLQW IRU 0RGHUQLVP LV WKDW ´WKH nature of what constituted beauty and the beautiful was undergoing revision, as was the idea of utility. The connection of beauty to a moral and ethical dimension was passing into a new phase, in which beauty identified, neutrally, with sensation and experience. Thus, beauty was no longer a moral entity or the embodiment of a higher truth; it associated with individual taste and individual striving (Karl, 1985, p. 117). There were a new taste and attitude that needed new approaches and manipulation translated and interpolated in the modern movement in art and architecture.

Modernity and Modern Architecture
The concept of Modernity conveyed in the eighteenth (Heynen, 1999) or the mid of the eighteen centuries by the Philosophers of the Enlightenment in their efforts and seventeenth century (Mallgrave, 2005, p. XV)as an attempt to develop Objective science, universal morality and law, and free art according to their inner logic. The words theory and modern both first came to prominence in the late seventeenth century. The analyst of architectural modernism must consider the relationship of architecture and architects to three key epistemological positions: history, theology, and politics (Hvattum & Hermansen, 2004, p. 44 Heynen, 1999, p. 11). The most significant effects happened after the industrial revolutions and especially after the second industrial revolution with the beginning in the nineteenth century (Benevolo, 1977). As a result, the architectural world adopted new methods and claimed new methodology for their final outputs, Technical, material innovation and Functions of the buildings and compatibility with the environment was one of their goals. Therefore, Architecture is not a spectacle but a service security fitness and convenience.

The Second Industrial Revolution 1856
The  , 2004).Changes in patterns of movement with the expansion of inexpensive mass transport in made possible the growth of cities to sizes which was not possible before (Hvattum & Hermansen, 2004). It was the advent of the mass community (Pevsner, 1968)or the machine age that demanded a response from art and architecture (Ballantyne, 2004) $V D UHVXOW ´$UFKLWHFWXUH DQG design for the masses must be functional, in the sense that they must be acceptable to all and that their well-functioning is the primary QHFHVVLW\µ (Pevsner, 1968, p. 9).
The new technology and materials increased the sense of Modern and 0RGHUQLVP ZKLFK ´IORXULVKHG LQ WKH nineteenth century, especially in England, when the 1851 Exhibition in the Crystal Palace was the HSLWRPH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO JHQLXVµ (Karl, 1985, p. 9). The other invention in this era was the spread of Bessemer process1 in the iron industry which led to replacing the cast Iron with steel the iron in all-purpose (Pevsner, 1968). The result was in Crystal Palace (Figure1). Later, in France there ZHUH WKH ´WULXPSKs of iron architecture at the exhibition of 1889 had still been the triumphs of engineers, even if the Eiffel Tower ( Figure 2). By Its very height and Position became at once one of the chief constituents of the architectural scene of Paris.

The emergence of Modern Movement.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Europe was replete with many schools  ( Lejeune & Sabatino, 2010, p. 69). New attitudes toward standardization in housing and uses the module in the design to achieve and provide the units to most of the people all around the globe.
Housing advocates argued that low-cost construction would best be served by the normalization and the standardization of the existing production to conserve the traditional systems of production. 3. Continuity of the space in all direction (Benevolo, 1977) . 4. Modern materials interpreted as steel and glass as well as Concrete Columns in their design and flat white colors ( Figure 5) (Benevolo, 1977).

Characteristics of Modern Housing
Architecture. 1. Prefabrication, there was a belief during the nineteenth century in prefabrication where the manufacture of buildings in basic form in workshops for transport to and final assembly on a remote building site developed from modest beginnings into an industry of quite substantial proportions (Lane, 2007   in Munich in 1907 as an association of artists, architects, businesspeople and experts.

Bauhaus Workshops and Contributions
Bauhaus composed of many workshops and departments that affected the different parts of art and architecture with its principles. It was possible to enter those workshops after the successful accomplishment of the preparatory course whicK ZDV ´QHFHVVDU\ IRU DFFHSWDQFH

1.
Reunification of all artistic principles in the building, in combination with manual trades and workshop as educational fundamentals, were the focal point of its aims and objectives (Siebenbrodt & Schobe, 2009) (Figure 8).

2.
Deny the History and create a modern architecture without concern for location or history (Siebenbrodt & Schobe, 2009).

3.
Abstract shapes stand on square and rectangles that include all items used in the field of art in architecture (Siebenbrodt & Schobe, 2009).

5.
New Technology and Material, Especially the glass and Steel with Flat Concrete planes (Siebenbrodt & Schobe, 2009).

6.
White colors for the Architecture as the main colors (Craig, 1999).

7.
Open plan and Flowing Space in the plan (Craig, 1999).

8.
Standardization of the Elements used in the architecture and furniture Design. These were of standard design, but with modifications from year to year, and were constructed of reinforced concrete and cinder blocks ( Figure  10) (Lane, 2007, p. 243).

The Case Study
In this section we will focus on modern movement effects on the North Cyprus and in particular on the Nicosia city, as a case study, we selected the Efruz Mass Houses RU 0•G•URùOX designed by Ahmet Vural Behaeddin in between the 60 th and 70 th of the last Century.
(IUX] SURMHFW GHVLJQHG IRU ´high-income households who has high-quality OLIH VWDQGDUGVµ (Esentepe, 2013, p. 76). The whole project of a housing composed of are two-story row houses with three diverse design organization, the project designed on 10000 m 2 (1 Hectare) 2 , with 34 units, the units area varies between 250 m 2 to 300 m 2 .

Analysis of the Projects.
The Efruz housing impression indicate that the modernism imprint and the Bauhaus principles adopted by the architect with the urban and the stand alone units. The project is just 1450 m 3 away from the old walled city, Ahmet Vural adopted straight and sharp line in his design to reflect the soul and insert the impression of the modern age, the straight space stand on the modernism philosophy of space as it was the main element that combined all the units around it in a direct way. Most of the units directed to the north (Figure 12), so it will be possible to open a large enough terrace to the south ( Figure 13). The terraces are an enormous function in the daily life of the Cypriote people as they normally gather there to spend their evening. Some units oriented to the east therefore those units dealt with in a different way. The designer used some other manipulation like a natural stone for the east and closed the west elevation keeping some small windows or shutters for ventilation.

Analysis of the Bauhaus Principles in the Project 7.3.1Space
Ahmet Vural used the continuous space in the internal design of Efruz units; there is a reflection of the (Open Plan) adopted from Bauhaus principles in the design, in his design for Efruz mass House he adopted three house types. All types shared a common characteristic which was the open plan and connection between the living and dining from one side and the kitchen with the entrance from the other side. In the ( Figure  14, 15 and 16) we could see clearly the clear strategy plan between the different parts of the house. The compound of Efruz contains more than three different design that has a direct message for the open plan and the continuous space. In Macit Ferdi house 1961 (Figure 17), Bahhadin adopted the same philosophy for the open space and accepted the same principle although the project was private and the site was accessible from all sides. Apparently, there is a sharp insistence on combining some space together then connect the group of the spaces by third space so that kind of mixing will achieve the maximum flexibility.

Form
Although Efruz house built in an area that is very close to the old city of Nicosia, which is rich in a unique history and full of architecture (Figure18) .
Efruz house, designed according to the Modernism philosophy of denying the history and adopted Bauhaus philosophy in using simple square shapes to compose and generate the final form. The design is clean from ornament and decoration in all its features. Square used for creating the ornament parts in the project as it appears in the ( Figure 19)

Orientation
Ahmet Vural affected by Walter Gropius work of mass-produced houses at Siedlung Törten-Dessau where all the units created with the same module and oriented to the south by Gropius to create the maximum functionality and how to get the best from the sunlight. In Efruz, Ahmet Vural went one step more when he decided to design each elevation in a different way to reflect the direction of the oriented elevation.

Colors and Materials
The Bauhaus principles is evident in Ahmet Vural work. the whole project colored in the white colors (Bauhaus style) and used the concrete as the main structure for the mass units as a reflection of the modernism in the project. there were some local materials utilized by the architect in the elevation (

Module, Prefabrication and Standardization
There are four types of the housing in the project, the reason behind that stand on the idea that the project has designed for the wealthy or hi income people and not for the low income as the philosophy adopted by Bauhaus school. Same reason prevented the use of the prefabrication in the project, all this lead to the idea that the project was not with the main compatibility with the Bauhaus principles within this point.

Conclusion
There is the influence of Bauhaus principles in the Ahmet Vural work in Efruz housing; some principles were totally adopted and followed the open plan policy and orientation with function while some like Module and standardization were not accepted because of other local effects and factors. Although Cyprus is replete with rich heritage with the prominence of the old walled city of Nicosia, Ahmet Vural denied the whole history of the town in his designs keeping white abstract wall instead of the wealthy and dynamic influence of the old town. Vural type stand on creating two group of spaces then connect those group with third space as it is shown in the ( Figure 26). The result from Table (1) shows that Ahmet Vural accepted the different principles of the Modernism as it cited by Bauhaus except the Module and standardization which might behave count achieved according to some social reason.