Identity in Changing Context: Factors of Losing Identity in New Developed Part of the City of Famagusta, North Cyprus

Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn't adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.


Introduction
´&LW\ LGHQWLW\ LV D VWURQJ FRQFHSW RU FRQGLWLRQV that differ cities from other locations. The city identity creates images in people's mind even that haven't seen it before. It is an essential FKDUDFWHULVWLF IRU FUHDWLQJ EHWWHU HQYLURQPHQWVµ (Fasli, 2010). Unfortunately in the new development part of cities there is not any potential to attract people to place. These places converted to lost spaces due to lack of mixed use funcWLRQDOLW\ 7KH QHZ SODFHV GRQ·W have meaning to its users. In this area the role of Globalization in the new development part of the city should be considered, it seems that the Globalization by changing in social and cultural structure changes meaning of identity of cities. Understanding which factors have more effect on the changing identity of the city of Famagusta in new development part of the city related to its traditional housing environment, will be the main issue in this research. In this study, the city identity related to its Physical, socioeconomic, socio-cultural structures and historical factors will be explained.

Literature review 1.1.1 Globalization and its effect of urban context
By considering the meaning of Globalization ´WKH DFW of globalizing, or extending to other or all parts of the world and Worldwide integration RU GHYHORSPHQWµ 'LFWLRQDU\ LW V REYLRXV that the process of globalization is against the cultural and regional identity of a city. It means WKDW ´JOREDOL]DWion has resulted in the loss of VRPH LQGLYLGXDO FXOWXUDO LGHQWLWLHVµ .XWVDO The context of urban area in these recent decades has been radically changed. Similar patterns of housing construction rapidly expanded itself all around the world. Unfortunately the process of Globalization and similar construction ruined city's historical icons which had influence on the identity of the cities. Socio cultural, social physical changes in the context of the city changes fashion and lifestyle of the peoples. It's obvious that during the past decades the world has been changed because of technological innovation and global restructuring. Since the first decades of the twenty century. Nowadays the processes of Globalization affect all countries, thus this led to HIIHFWV RQ VRFLDO DQG FXOWXUDO OLYHV ´7KH globalization process leads the cities to be in a uniformed type; eventually, influences the living spaces, architecture and urban identity. The economic changes take place as a result of the development process of the cities, where urban LPDJH GLIIHUV DQG FKDQJHVµ .XWVDO ´*OREDOL]DWLRQ LV QRZ DQ XQVWRSSDEOH KLVWRULFDO process led by technological change and involving the dissemination of science and new tHFKQRORJLHVµ (OGHPHU\

The effect of Globalization on Urban sprawl
Because of the essence of technology, and rapidly increasing population of the city and due to dynamic of urban growth the city has to be expanded itself to outside. Mass housing construction without attention to its surrounding and Environmental and Social Identity (e.g., Socio-Cultural, Socio-Political, Socio-Economic) for this reason scholars called this phenomena as urban sprawl. In the literature of urban planning RU XUEDQ HFRQRPLFV ´WKHUH LV D ELJ GHEDWH RQ even the definition of urban sprawl itself, let DORQH LWV FDXVHV DQG LPSDFWVµ *RUGRQ DQG Richardson, 1997;Ewing, 1997;Fischel, 1999;Brueckner, 2001). Generally, the definition of XUEDQ VSUDZO DSSHDUV WKDW ´)LUVW LW KDV WR EH DQ inefficient or an excessive urban expansion, which certainly involves some benchmark of ¶QRUPDO· RU HIILFLHQW XUEDQ VWUXFWXUH VHFRQG LI determined inefficient or excessive, the spatial pattern may be in leapfrog development, low GHQVLW\ RU VRPH RWKHU IRUPVµ 'HQJ 7KLV discussion revealed that global technology of construction lets the city to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have EHHQ IRUJRWWHQ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ LW·V REYLRXV WR VD\ that Globalization by neglecting icons of identity of a city in transformation period create images of unsustainable city.

Methodology
Famagusta (Gazimagusta) city in North Cyrus has a problem of urban sprawl with two types of free standing villas and cubic form of four or five story buildings which don't have any relationship with its surroundings. In this era, understanding why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city will be the main issue in this research.

Case study: The City of Gazimagusa
Gazimagusa, the second largest city of Northern Cyprus with a population of 35.000(URL4. 2013), is situated on the eastern coast of the island of &\SUXV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD ´7KH city reflects a long and unique history in the form of a rich cultural, urban and architectural heritage in its older core, the Walled City, a fortified medieval city dating back to the 15th FHQWXU\µ 2NWD\ 0HGLHYDO ZDOOHG FLW\ RI Famagusta due to its port and magnificent historical building with human scale narrow streets (organic pattern) and its traditional context have a tremendous identity which works in global scale. As Önal et al. (1999), in her paper RI ´7KH XUEDQ SUREOHPV RI *D]LPDJXVD )DPDJXVWD DQG SURSRVDOV IRU WKH IXWXUHµ discuses about urban growth of Gazimagusa by reflecting the fact that after the industrial revolution from 1960 rapid urban growth started to expand itself in the suburb but in this rapid urban growth it seems that something have been forgotten from vernacular housing construction point of view.

Factors which have an influence on the identity of the city of Gazimagusa (Famagusta)
Identity of cities is acquired with their original FKDUDFWHUV ´%\ SDVVLQJ WKH WLPH VRPH FLWLHV ORVW their original architecture and urban characteristics, thus the settlement fall into a confusion of identity. In the case of Gazimagusa, economic structure, urban culture, reflection of climate factors to the physical structure and lifestyle of urban dwellers, construction WHFKQLTXHV FDQ HDVLO\ UHDGDEOHµ .XWVDO 2). As a result, physical environment, socioeconomic conditions, cultural and historical characteristics are the main factors in identity of the city of Gazimagusa.

Analyzing the identity of the historical part of the city of Gazimagusa with its new developed parts 2.3.1 Physical Structure of the City
In the walled city of Gazimagusa houses are usually one or two story buildings with the FRXUW\DUGV DW WKH EDFN ´+RUL]RQWDO OLQes dominant on facades as in traditional Turkish houses, projections, Cikma or Cumba, give a unique character to the house as well as to the street long which they are located.    Walled city, Famagusta (Oktay, 2002).

Streets in urban context
Medieval cities in North Cyprus with its narrow streets which works in human scales. This compact form works properly with its context, streets are integrated into each other to helps the context of the city to be in a sustainable way. After modern construction in cities by entering cars in context, the meaning of cities has been changed. The street dos not mean much for attaching people to the urban environment. Straight streets with its cares are threatening the city's sustainability in North Cyprus. Due to dynamic of urban growth the city expanded itself to the exterior part of the city. Streets as vital glue, sticks all variables of context with each other. Unfortunately the modern form of the streets couldn·W ZRUN SURSHUO\ IRU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH context of the cities are in danger of unsustainability.

Square in Context
´7KH VTXDUH LV WKH PRVW GLVWLQFW HOHPHQW RI WKH urban structure, determined by the same formal factors as the street, with the difference being that the buildings should form a continuous ERXQGDU\ DURXQG WKH VSDFHµ 2NWD\ Fortunately squares in historical part of the city of Gazimagusa in North Cyprus are steel maintain its own characteristic. Most successful squares in these parts of cities have mixed us functionality to attract a different type of people into it. Such this kind of Square is in the Walled city of Famagusta called Namic kemal plaza with its monumental church and different type of functionality. On the other hand the functionality of squares in new development part of the city could not attach itself with its surround. The square has been designed just for automobiles. Unfortunately in this era the meaning of square has been changed. The squares are just for cars, there is no any activity or functionality to invite people into it. Thus here we can say that modern VTXDUHV FRXOGQ·W ZRUN SURSHUO\ ZLWK LWV environment

Social-spatial patterns 2.3.2.1. Context of Mahalle (Neighbourhood)
According to Jacobs (1961) (neighborhood) is the identifying symbol both for the evaluation of city and for the new urban extension, it is also HVVHQWLDO IRU VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQWµ 2NWD\ 1998). To create a memorable place it seems that we need creative design in context of the neighborhood. Mahalle is an important unit in Turkish society, neighborhoods were not just a physical relation among each other; also works as a social and economic collaboration.

Socio-Economic Structure of the city 2.3.3.1. Financial benefits and the problems in urban identity
´7KH HFRQRPLF VWUucture of the city causes changes in the physical entity of spaces. Therefore changes in economic structure have an influence on the social structure and changes physical spaces. As a result these changing processes are effective in changing the urban idenWLW\µ .XWVDO 7R PDNH UDSLG production; in global scale the modal housing construction started execution without consideration of local elements in the city so, that all cities have fallen into the danger of losing their identities in the process of similarization. Such this kind of similarization is everywhere in the city. By critical analysis of new development part of the city with Socio-Economic point of view, it VHHPV WKDW WKH PDLQ UHDVRQ LQ WRGD\·V PDVV construction came back to the idea of globalization to earn more money. Unfortunately in this proses of construction there is no any effort to highlight the historical identity of the city it seems that financial purpose are dominant for mass housing constructors.

Socio-Cultural Factors
Multistory apartments in the outer part of the walled city of Famagusta are the yield of globalization. Previously, the houses had been constructed horizontally, and later on were designed vertically due to increasing in SRSXODWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH ´WKH IDPLOLHV KDG WR OLYH together, thus different type of culture occurred due to the residential development. Lifestyle, neighborliness, identity, and the terms of belonging were provided for sharing, participation and consensus were adopted. Generally, the lifestyle of the people who live in apartments changed, and this changing process provided for changing in the urban LGHQWLW\µ .XWVDO 7KH DSDUWments have, also, led to weakening the concept of social relations in the city. Today, one of the most important factors of losing the identity of the city is that the elimination of cultural icons; as a consequence people lost the sense of belongings to the environment. However, when the rates of consumption were LQFUHDVHG WRGD\ WKH ´IDVKLRQVµ DUH FKDQJLQJ rapidly. This changing accelerated the process of changing the urban identity. Living in an apartment became a new trend that comes from the west. In this process people left of their traditional houses and started to live in apartment buildings. Whereas the historical towns were left to ruin or to low income migrants to the cities. It's obvious from this part that Socio-Cultural factors in the new development of the city have been changed; globalization is the main factor in the changing of lifestyles of people with new trends and fashions.

Discussion
The research on Evaluation of the new housing schemes in Northern Cyprus done by Oktay UHYHOHG WKDW ´FRQWHPSRUDU\ G\QDPLF movement of urban growth couldn't attach itself ZLWK LWV VXUURXQGµ &ULWLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH historical part of the city with new development part of it revealed that the definition of neighborhood, street, and square in urban context have been changed. As figure 14, 15, and 16 revealed Apartment-Type Social Housing Complex in Gazimagusa (Famagusta) doesn't have any Cohesion with its surroundings, it means that the entity of place is in poor condition. The Quality of public space H J 'HVLJQ VKDSH DQG VFDOH GRQ·W ZRUN properly with its surroundings. So we could say all factors which have influence on identity of place are in poor condition. Figure 14, 15, 16 describe these poor conditions in new development part of cities in North Cyprus.    As figure 17 revealed lack of environmental integration with each other without using traditional housing principles in new development part of the city are the main factor in loosing feeling attachment with the environment and consequently these factors had an influence on loosing identity of the city. By critically analysis of new housing schemes in *D]LPDJXVD )DPDJXVWD LW·V REYLRXV WR VD\ WKDW new housing environment in Gazimagusa follows the scheme of Globalization without respect to its historical context the result of this kind of urban expansion are; -Lack of Relationship between development and wider urban context -There is no any cohesion whit its surround -Quality of public space (e.g., Design, shape and scale) is in poor condition For these reasons as Oktay (2002) mentions new housing construction could not achieve its goals to create a place with its own identity to attract people into it. Therefore the Identity of settlement and sense of Place in new development part have been disappeared. In figure 18 the author tried to compare the factors which have influence in the identity of the city of Gazimagusa. The method is to compare historical part of the city with new development part of Famagusta (figure 18) reveals factors which reducing identity of the city, is somehow related to the globalization to earn more money. For this reason they could not use historical Pattern which shows urban identity.

Conclusion
Walled city of Gazimagusa with its historic magnificent building, human scale narrow streets, Cul De Sacs and monumental buildings have its own identity which works on a global scale by its port and tourists. Unfortunately after 1960 because of globalization purposes, urban explosion by expanding it to the outer part of the city could not adapt with historical patterns. It means that the factors of Man-made Environme in city scale, district scale, and space scale have been changed. Urban fabric characteristic of the new development part of the city is different from the historical part of it. Related to this research question (Why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?) this survey revealed that globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city. In the era of transformation from traditional to globalization, redefinition characteristics of the walled city of Famagusta which have influence on the identity of the city (e.g., Avlu or Havli, Cumba etc.), and principles of vernacular housing, would be useful to redefinition of identity of the city. As a conclusion for housing in urban context related to city identity the best urban expansion is those designed with a sensitive understanding of their urban context, valuing the characteristics of the place including the character of the area and by respecting to its physical context, and the local pattern of physical objects, landscape, public space and topography. The qXHVWLRQ RI KRZ LW·V SRVVLEOH WR SRODUL]H PDVV housing constructors to use vernacular trends in new housing schemes? Proposed from author as future study.