Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n1-8Keywords:
Environmental crime, enhancing security, crime rates, Prince Fawaz project, Saudi ArabiaAbstract
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
Downloads
References
Abdullah Eben Saleh, M. (1999). Reviving traditional design in modern Saudi Arabia for social cohesion and crime prevention purposes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00107-8
Abu Shama, A. (2007). Violence crime and methods of facing it in the Arab countries. Riyadh: Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences. (Arabic).
Adel, H., Salheen, M., & Mahmoud, R. A. (2016). Crime in relation to urban design. Case study: The Greater Cairo Region. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 7(3), 925-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.08.009
Al Beshr, K. (2000). Fighting crime in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences. (Arabic).
Al Hazza', W. (2001). Affordable housing Seminar on Future of Housing in the City of Riyadh, The High Commission for the Development of Riyadh, Riyadh. (Arabic).
Anna Alvazzi del Frate, J. N. (Ed.). (1993). Environmental Crime, Sanctioning Strategies, and Sustainable Development. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute.
Austin, D. M., Furr, L. A., & Spine, M. (2002). The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00148-4
Ballintyne, S., Pease, K., & McLaren, V. (Eds.). (2000). Secure Foundations: Key Issues in Crime Prevention, Crime Reduction and Community Safety. Institute for Public Policy Research.
Bartol, C. R., & M., B. A. (Eds.). (2006). Current perspectives in forensic psychology and criminal justice. USA: Sage Publications.
Branas, C. C., Cheney, R. A., MacDonald, J. M., Tam, V. W., Jackson, T. D., & Ten Have, T. R. (2011). A Difference-in-Differences Analysis of Health, Safety, and Greening Vacant Urban Space. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(11), 1296-1306. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr273
Brown, B. B., & Altman, I. (1983). Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: An environmental analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80001-2
CNU. (2001). Charter of the new urbanism. New York: Congress for the New Urbanism.
Cozens, P., Hillier, D., & Prescott, G. (2001). Crime and the design of residential property – exploring the perceptions of planning professionals, burglars and other users: Part 2. Property management, 19(4), 222-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005784
Cozens, P. M. (2002). Sustainable Urban Development and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design for the British City. Towards an Effective Urban Environmentalism for the 21st Century. Cities, 19(2), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00008-2
Donovan, G. H., & Prestemon, J. P. (2010). The Effect of Trees on Crime in Portland, Oregon. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916510383238
El-Torky, M. (2015). Reduction of crime rates in Saudi Arabia by 10% in the Past Year. Aleqtisadiah, 8035, 11 October. Riyadh: Saudi Research and Publishing Company. (Arabic).
Elbadawi, I. (1991). The role of planning in promoting safer communities. Canada: Dalhousie University.
Elgarmadiand, A. S., & Özer, Ö. (2018). The relationship of crime to the street network using the space syntax theory, Case study Al-khums City-Libya. International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science (IJLRHSS), 1(7), 21-27. http://www.ijlrhss.com/paper/volume-1-issue-7/4.HSS-164.pdf
Elshater, A. (2012). New Urbanism Principles versus Urban Design Dimensions towards Behavior Performance Efficiency in Egyptian Neighbourhood Unit. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 826-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.270
Foster, S., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Bull, F., & Giles-Corti, B. (2016). Are liveable neighbourhoods safer neighbourhoods? Testing the rhetoric on new urbanism and safety from crime in Perth, Western Australia. Social Science & Medicine, 164, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.013
Ghani, Z. A. (2017). A comparative study of urban crime between Malaysia and Nigeria. Journal of Urban Management, 6(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2017.03.001
Ha, T., Oh, G.-S., & Park, H.-H. (2015). Comparative analysis of Defensible Space in CPTED housing and non-CPTED housing. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 43(4), 496-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.11.005
Hagan, F. E., & Daigle, L. E. (2018). Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior. SAGE Publications.
Harcourt, B. E. (2009). Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Harvard University Press.
Hardy, K. M. (1997). Crime prevention through environmental design: A comparative analysis of two Las Vegas apartment complexes (Nevada) School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts
University of Nevada]. Las Vegas. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5567144
Hillier, B. (2004). Can streets be made safe? URBAN DESIGN International, 9(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000079
Hillier, B., & Sahbaz, O. (2005). High Resolution Analysis of Crime Patterns in Urban Street Networks: an initial statistical sketch from an ongoing study of a London borough.
Hillier, B., & Sahbaz, O. (2008). An evidence based approach to crime and urban design, or, can we have vitality, sustainability and security all at once. Bartlett School of Graduates Studies University College London, 1-28.
Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime? Environment and Behavior, 33(3), 343-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916501333002
Lacoe, J., Bostic, R. W., & Acolin, A. (2018). Crime and private investment in urban neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Economics, 108, 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2018.11.001
Lorenc, T., Clayton, S., Neary, D., Whitehead, M., Petticrew, M., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A., & Renton, A. (2012). Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways. Health & Place, 18(4), 757-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001
Maas, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., van Winsum-Westra, M., Verheij, R. A., Vries, S., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009). Is Green Space in the Living Environment Associated with People's Feelings of Social Safety? Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(7), 1763-1777. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4196
Malleson, N., & Birkin, M. (2012). Analysis of crime patterns through the integration of an agent-based model and a population microsimulation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 36(6), 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.04.003
Marques, S. C. R., Ferreira, F. A. F., Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, I., & Banaitis, A. (2018). Classifying urban residential areas based on their exposure to crime: A constructivist approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.005
Marvi, L. T., & Behzadfar, M. (2015). Local Sustainability with Emphasis on CPTED Approach, The Case of Ab-kooh Neighborhood in Mash-had. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 201, 409-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.194
McCord, E. S., Ratcliffe, J. H., Garcia, R. M., & Taylor, R. B. (2007). Nonresidential Crime Attractors and Generators Elevate Perceived Neighborhood Crime and Incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44(3), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427807301676
Mohit, M. A., & Hannan, M. H. E. (2012). A Study of Crime Potentials in Taman Melati Terrace Housing in Kuala Lumpur: Issues and Challenges. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.191
Nasar, J. L., Fisher, B., & Grannis, M. (1993). Proximate physical cues to fear of crime. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26(1-4), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(93)90014-5
Nasar, J. L., & Jones, K. M. (1997). Landscapes of Fear and Stress. Environment and Behavior, 29(3), 291-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391659702900301
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.
Nubani, L., & Wineman, J. (2005, 2005). The role of space syntax in identifying the relationship between space and crime Proceedings of the 5th Space syntax Symposium on Space Syntax, Delft, Holland. http://spacesyntax.tudelft.nl/media/Long%20papers%20I/lindanubani.pdf
OSAC. (2019). Saudi Arabia 2019 Crime & Safety Report: Jeddah. https://www.osac.gov/Country/SaudiArabia/Content/Detail/Report/29856272-46df-49b5-8c3c-15f4aeafb5da
OSAC. (2020). Saudi Arabia 2020 Crime & Safety Report: Riyadh. https://www.osac.gov/Country/SaudiArabia/Content/Detail/Report/f6af335c-d5b7-4087-9086-186575bdfb0f
Pietenpol, A. M., Morgan, M. A., Wright, J. P., Almosaed, N. F., Moghrabi, S. S., & Bashatah, F. S. (2018). The enforcement of crime and virtue: Predictors of police and Mutaween encounters in a Saudi Arabian sample of youth. Journal of Criminal Justice, 59, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.007
Piroozfar, P., Farr, E. R. P., Aboagye-Nimo, E., & Osei-Berchie, J. (2019). Crime prevention in urban spaces through environmental design: A critical UK perspective. Cities, 95, 102411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102411
Robinson, P. E. M. (1997). Places of crime and designing for prevention: a study of York University Campus. Ontario: York University.
SABQ. (2017, 13 October 2017). Decline of crime in Saudi Arabia: security alert, awareness of society and a state that imposed its prestige with justice. (Arabic). . SABQ online newspaper.
Sakip, S. R. M., & Abdullah, A. (2012). Measuring Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in a Gated Residential Area: A Pilot Survey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.198
Serpas, R. W. (1998). Common-sense approaches with contradictory results: Does defensible space curb crime? (Publication Number 9900958) [Ph.D., University of New Orleans]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; ProQuest One Academic. Ann Arbor. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304426725?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true#
Shon, P. C. H., & Barton-Bellessa, S. (2015). The assumption of rational choice theory in Alfred Adler's theory of crime: Unraveling and reconciling the contradiction in Adlerian theory through synthesis and critique. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.004
Soh, M. B. C. (2012). Crime and Urbanization: Revisited Malaysian Case. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.193
Sonia Hirt, & Zahm, D. L. (Eds.). (2012). The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs. Routledge.
Taylor, R. B. (2001). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear, and decline. Oxford, Westview Press.
Thacher, D. (2004). Order maintenance reconsidered: Moving beyond strong causal reasoning. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 94, 381-414.
Wilcox, P. (2015). Routine Activities, Criminal Opportunities, Crime and Crime Prevention. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 772-779). Elsevier Inc.
Wolfe, M. K., & Mennis, J. (2012). Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 108(2), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.08.006
Yazdanfar, S. A. A., & Nazari, N. (2015). Proposed Physical-environmental Factors Influencing Personal and Social Security in Residential Areas. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 201, 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.171
Zen, I., & Mohamad, N. A. A. (2014). Adaptation of Defensible Space Theory for the Enhancement of Kindergarten Landscape. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.037
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Professor Dr. Maged Attia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.